Culture, Institutions and International Strategy - 1193 Words

Culture, Institutions and International Strategy. For those firms who want to expand their business internationally, it is inevitable for them to face the cultural challenge. This article stresses the impact of culture on international operation as well. According to institutional-based view, informal and formal institutions have their own way to reduce risk. For informal ones, they rely on relational contact which is informal relationship based and personalized exchange. What is more, Human capital and Relationship capital are important factors to perform successfully in international market which is related to informal institution thought. Also, the article help me to understand the relationship between institution, firms and strategic†¦show more content†¦It obviously promotes specialization within specific region which firm can fully utilize the human capital and other related resources such as regional pool of specialized suppliers. What’s more, firm can gain better understanding of cultures and institutional e nvironments. However, closely located competitors might seize the important resources such as talented employee and, also, imitate its technology and knowledge. Also, in this fast changing business world, responding faster should be more appropriate. The firms that pursue agglomeration always take slower action than other do since they focus their resources on specific region and it is difficult for them to move or to exploit emerging market. Future Research and Conclusion For future research, an issue that interested me is the increasing of cultural convergence. Can MNCs leverage resources and standardize organizational practices across cultural boundaries? In my opinion, it is possible but really difficult to achieve even the world is becoming more global since there is no truly 100% globalization. Globalization does not mean that every country will become the same but it makes people realize the differences between them when they move out of their shells. When a firm goes abroad different strategy will be used differently on each country so there is no universal strategy or standardize organizational practices. EnteringShow MoreRelatedCultural And Social Capital Theory999 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic success for Chinese international students. Whereas, English proficiency was considered to be a weak factor and social interaction factors were not too much related to Chinese international students’ academic success. Yuan (2011) examined the experiences of ten Chinese students at one American university. This study examined the challenges faced by Chinese international students, their social interaction, and their attitudes to adapting into the American culture and society. 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The Great Depression Of America - 920 Words

The Great Depression A major event in American history that has shaped society today is the great depression that began in 1929 and ended in 1939. The official day the stock market crashed was a a day known as â€Å"black Tuesday†. At the time, the American government was not prepared nor did they have policies in place that made them well prepared for such an event to take place. This unfortunate event threw Americans into a an economic crisis unlike any event experienced before in history and left millions of hardworking Americans in a state of poverty and misery for nearly a decade. Before the depression hit, the 1920’s known as the â€Å"golden age† had taken place. For the first time in history more Americans were living in the cities than†¦show more content†¦They needed one another to provide help with expenses. 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Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector an Overview Free Essays

string(115) " in which losses are categorized according to the type of event and the business line in which the event occurred\." ReseaRch PaPeR Commerce Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: An overview Keywords Rakesh Chutia Assistant, State Bank of India Margheita-786181 Dist. -Tinsukia Assam ABSTRACT Operational risk is inherent in all banking products, activities and processes and systems and the effective management of operational risk is of paramount importance for every bank’s board and senior management. With globalization and deregulation of financial markets, increased competition combined with the advent of high-end, innovative, sophisticated technology tremendous changes have taken place in the products distribution channels and service delivery mechanism of the banking sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: an Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now These have introduced more complexities into the banking operations and consequently the risk patterns and profiles of the industry have also become complex, diverse and catastrophic. The New Capital Adequacy Framework of the Reserve Bank of India requires bank to maintain capital explicitly towards operational risk. This paper tries to study the various methodologies used by the banks in their operational risk management activity and to study the regulatory framework related to operational risk management. Introduction Since the late 1990s, globalization, deregulation, consolidation, outsourcing, breaking of geographical barriers by use of sophisticated technology, growth of e-commerce etc. have significantly changed the business, economic and regulatory climate of the banking sector. These developments introduced more complexities into the activities of banks and their risk profiles. Consequently a series of high profile operational loss events at Societe Generale, UBS, AIB, and National Australia Bank etc. have led banks and their managements world over to increasingly view operational risk management as an integral part of their risk management activity like the management of market risk and credit risk. The identification and measurement of operational risk is a significant issue for modern-day banks, particularly since the decision by the  Basel Committee on Banking Supervision  (BCBS) to introduce a capital charge for this risk as part of the new capital adequacy framework (Basel II). Operational risk has been defined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition is based on the underlying causes of operational risk. It seeks to identify the causes of a loss event and at the broadest level includes the breakdown by four causes: people, processes, systems and external factors. Operational risk may materialise directly, e. g. , in electronic fund transfer (transfer of funds to the wrong person) or could result indirectly as a credit or market loss. Since there is a close linkage of operational risk with other types of risks, it is very important for banks to first have a clear understanding of the concept of operational risk before designing the appropriate operational risk measurement and management framework. Different types of operational risk in Banking Sector The Basel Committee has identified the following types of operational risk events as having the potential to result in substantial losses for banks: †¢ Internal fraud. For example, intentional misreporting of positions, employee theft, and insider trading on an employee’s own account. Externalfraud. Forexample,robbery,forgery,chequekiting, and damage from computer hacking. †¢ Employment practices and workplace safety. For example, workers compensation claims, violation of employee health and safety rules, organised labour activities, discrimination claims, and general liability. †¢ Clients, products and business practices. For example, fiduciary breaches, misuse of confidential customer information, improper trading activities on the bank’s account, money laundering, and sale of unauthorized products. Damagetophysicalassets. Forexample,terrorism,vandalism, earthquakes, fires and floods. †¢ Business disruption and system failures. For example, hardware and software failures, telecommunication problems, and utility outages. †¢ Execution,deliveryandprocessmanagement. Forexample: data entry errors, collateral management failures, incomplete legal documentation, and unauthorized access given to client accounts, non-client counterparty misperformance, and vendor disputes. OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS: Operational Risk management generally encompasses the process of identifying risks to the bank, measuring exposures to those risks), ensuring that an effective capital planning and monitoring programme is in place, monitoring risk exposures and corresponding capital needs on an ongoing basis, taking steps to control or mitigate risk exposures. †¢ Identification of operational risk. Banks should identify and assess the operational risk inherent in all products, services,activities,processesandsystems. You can read also Portfolio Management Quizzes Effectiverisk identification should consider both internal factors (such as the bank’s structure, the nature of the bank’s activities, the quality of the bank’s human resources, organizational changes and employee turnover) and external factors (such as changes in the industry and technological advances) that could adversely affect the achievement of the bank’s objectives. †¢ AssessmentofOperationalRisk. Inadditiontoidentifying the risk events, banks should assess their vulnerability to these risk events. Effective risk assessment allows a bank to better understand its risk profile and most effectively target risk management resources. Amongst the possible tools that may be used by banks for assessing operational risk are: ? Self Risk Assessment: A bank assesses its operations and activities against a menu of potential operational risk vulnerabilities. This process is internally driven and often incorporates checklists and/or workshops to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the operational risk environment. 6 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH ReseaRch PaPeR Risk Mapping: In this process, various business units, organizational functions or process flows are mapped by risk type. This exercise can reveal areas of weakness and help prioritise subsequent management action. ? Key Risk Indicators: Key risk indicators are statistics and/ or metrics, often financial, which can provide insight into a bank’s risk position. Such indicators may include the number of failed trades, s taff turnover rates and the frequency and/or severity of errors and omissions. †¢ Measurement. A key element of risk management is measuring the size and scope of the bank’s risk exposures. However, there is no clearly established, single method to measure operational risk on a bank-wide basis. Banks may develop risk assessment techniques that are appropriate to the size and complexities of their portfolio, their resources and data availability. A good assessment model must cover certain standard features. An example is the â€Å"matrix† approach in which losses are categorized according to the type of event and the business line in which the event occurred. You read "Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: an Overview" in category "Papers" Banks may quantify their exposure to operational risk using a variety of approaches. Forexample,dataonabank’shistoricallossexperience could provide meaningful information for assessing the bank’s exposure to operational risk and developing a policy to mitigate/control the risk. †¢ MonitoringofOperationalRisk. Aneffectivemonitoring process is essential for adequately managing operational risk. Banks should implement a process to regularly monitor operational risk profiles and material exposures to losses. In addition to monitoring operational loss events, banks should identify appropriate indicators that provide early warning of an increased risk of futurelosses. Such indicators should be forward-looking and could reflect potential sources of operational risk such as rapid growth, the introduction of new products, employee turnover, transaction breaks, system downtime, and so on. There should be regular reporting of pertinent informationtoseniormanagementandtheBoardofDirectors that supports the proactive management of operational risk †¢ Controls/MitigationofOperationalRisk. Withregardto operational risk, several methods may be adopted for mitigatingtherisk. Forexample,lossesthatmightarise on account of natural disasters can be insured against. Losses that might arise from business disruptions due to telecommunication or electrical failures can be mitigated by establishing redundant backup facilities. Loss due to internal factors, like employee fraud or product flaws, which may be difficult to identify and insure against, can be mitigated through strong internal auditing procedures. The Board of Directors and senior management must make efforts for establishing a strong internal control culture in which control activities are an integral part of the regular activities of a bank. Banks should periodically review their risk limitation and control strategies and should adjust their operational risk profile accordingly using appropriate strategies, in light of their overall risk appetite and profile. Investment in appropriate processing technology and information technology security are also important for risk mitigation. Banks should also have in place contingency and business continuity plans to ensure their ability to operate on an ongoing basis and limit losses in the event of severe business disruption. OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN BASEL II The Basel framework (2004) proposes a range of approaches for setting aside regulatory capital for operational risk under Pillar 1: The Basic Indicator Approach (BIA), The Standardised Approach(TSA)andtheAdvancedMeasurementApproach (AMA). Allthethreeapproachesdifferintheircomplexityand the banks are encouraged to move along the spectrum of approaches as they obtain more sophistication in their risk management practices. The Basic Indicator Approach is the simplest approach for estimating regulatory capital, wherein Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X banks are required to set apart an amount equal to the average over the previous three years of 15% of positive annual gross income. In The Standardised Approach, banks’ activities are divided into eight business lines: Corporate finance, Trading Sales, Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Payment Settlement, Agency Services, Asset Management and Retail Brokerage. While gross income continues to be the main indicator of operational risk as under the Basic Indicator Approach, the specific amount to be set apart as a percentage of the gross income varies between business lines, ranging from 12 to 18% , as compared to the 15% overall under the Basic Indicator Approach. This approach is more refined than the Basic Indicator Approach as it takes into the account the fact that some business lines are riskier than others and therefore a higher proportion of capital has to be set apart for those business lines. The Advanced MeasurementApproach(AMA)isbasedonthebanks’internalmodels to quantify operational risk. The framework gives flexibility to the banks in the characteristics of the choice of internal models, though it requires banks to demonstrate that the operational risk measures meet a soundness standard comparable to a one-year holding period and a 99. 9% confidence level, which means that a bank’s capital charge should be equal to at least 99. 9% quantile of their annual aggregate loss distribution. Banks are required to factor in four key elementsindesigningtheirAdvancedMeasurementApproach framework: internal loss data, external loss data, scenario analysis and bank specific business environmental and internal control factors. The methodologies under the advanced approach are evolving and there are a range of methods in practice in banks internationally. OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIAN BANKING SECTOR: The Reserve Bank of India is the regulator and supervisor of the banking system in India and is entrusted with the task of framing the capital adequacy guidelines for banks in India under Basel II. Public sector banks, where the Government of India is the major shareholder, dominate the Indian banking system, accounting for nearly three-fourths of total assets and income. These banks are large and very old banks, operating through thousands of branches spread all over the country. The new private sector banks are fully automated from day-one and operate like other high-tech foreign banks. The private sector banks have grown rapidly since the onset of reforms and have increased their share in total assets of the banking industry, whereas the public sector banks have witnessed shrinkage in their market share. The public sector banks have only recently started automating their processes and operations. This transition has posed significant challenges in the management of operational risk to the banks as introduction of new technology and complete overhauling of the existing systems requires a re-engineering of business processes, training of manpower, audit in a computerized environment and other related operational risk challenges. The new generation private sector banks on the other hand have to deal with the risks arising from growth at a scorchingpace. WiththereformsintheIndianbankingsectorand banks being allowed to access new markets and sophisticated products, the Reserve Bank of India has also been repeatedly advising the banks to have in place an effective and resilient control framework in place to manage operational risks. Specific guidance on management of operational risk has also been issued as per which some banks; especially the larger and internationally active banks are expected to move along the range towards more sophisticated pproaches as they develop more sophisticated operational risk management systems and practices which meet the prescribed qualifying criteria. Conclusion: ManagingOperationalRiskisemergingasanimportantelement of sound risk management practice in modern day banks in the wake of phenomenal increase in volume of transactions, high degree of structural changes and complex technological support systems. RBI expects all Indian banks to strengthen their operation risk management system and to INDIAN JO URNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 7 ReseaRch PaPeR e in readiness to graduate to more sophisticated approaches of operational risk management under Basel norms. In order to derive maximum gains banks need to gear up efforts for speedy and effective implementation of comprehensive Volume : 3 | Issue : 1 | January 2013 | ISSN – 2249-555X operational risk management frameworks and thereby bring more efficiency, transparency, profitability and sustainability into their operations. REFERENCE Reserve Bank of India, Department of Banking Operations and Development, Central Office, Mumbai, (2005), â€Å"Draft guidance note on management of operational risk†, 2. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (August, 2003) â€Å"The Joint Forum Operational risk transfer across financial sectors†, 3. Usha, Janaki, Raman, (2008) â€Å"Operational Risk Management in Indian Banks in the Context of Basel II: A Survey of the State of Preparedness and Challenges in Developing the Framework†, 4. Rao, D, Tripati and Ghosh, Prodipta, (2008) â€Å"Preparedness of Indian Banks in Managing Operational Risk†, 5. Kale, Ketan and Agarwal, Mohit, Marsh India, (2011) â€Å"Operational Risk Mitigation Basel II Accord – Challenges Opportunities†. 8 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH How to cite Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: an Overview, Papers

Is Survival Selfish Essay Example For Students

Is Survival Selfish Essay Category:MiscellaneousPaper Title:SurvivalText:SURVIVALDo you ever survive the effects of divorce? If you have experienced divorce,or knew someone that has, this is a question you will ask yourself. Ron andLilly were married for fifteen years and during the course of their marriage hadthree children ages 8, 10 and 12. Ron worked as a private attorney in a solopractice and Lilly worked in the home as a homemaker. Although Lilly worked inthe home, she had a Bachelors degree in early childhood development. She hadalways wanted to work outside of the home, but she and Ron felt that it was moreimportant to care for the children full time. When her husband announced that hewas leaving, she wasnt surprised that he didnt care for her the same way hedid when they first met, but she never dreamed he would leave her and thechildren. Ron packed his things the next day while the children were in school. Thechildren were not informed their parents were separating and one day woulddivorce. Lilly was left alone to deal with the emotional upheaval this wouldcause the children. When the children returned from school, they sensedimmediately something was wrong. They knew their parents were not getting alongand that their father was spending less time at home, however they never thoughtthis would happen. When their mother told them that their father would not beliving at home and that nothing else in their life would change, the childrenlooked with disbelief. The children started to cry, and Lilly as best as shecould, tried to console them. The lives of this family would never be the same. Ron never discussed with Lilly how the finances would be handled, or how muchmoney she would need for her and the children to live on. Because Lilly neverworked outside of the home, Ron was now having to manage two homes on oneincome. The children attended private school and were in several after schoolprograms that were very costly. The money Ron gave Lilly and the children, wasnot enough to pay the mortgage, utilities, car note, food, clothes and the dailyexpenses for the children. Ron and Lillys divorce caused severe financial and emotional instability oneveryone. Lilly and the children had to sell the home they lived in because theycould not afford the financial cost, or the upkeep that was needed to maintainthe home. Lilly and the children bought a much smaller home, in a not so greatneighborhood. Because of the move and lack of finances, the children had toattend public school and make new friends. The oldest started talking back toher mother, grades started to fall and she started hanging out with kids thatdidnt care if they went to school. The middle child started to isolate herselfand began to have nightmares about her parents dying. Surprisingly her gradesdidnt suffer. The youngest child cried at the drop of a hat, she just wantedher dad and couldnt understand why she didnt get to see him that often. Thethree children blamed their mother for everything and took all of theirmisplaced anger out on her. Because of Lillys financial dilemma, she was not able to afford she and thechildren counseling. Ron was becoming more and more delinquent in sendingalimony and child support for his family. Lilly was still trying to maintainbeing a stay at home mom although she realized the inevitable, she was notemotionally ready to go out in the work force. .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .postImageUrl , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:hover , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:visited , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:active { border:0!important; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:active , .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6 .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u985c2e521a481bf3229da910b9d6a6c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about Missing Persons: The Media Bias to Report Only Pretty Blonde Girls EssayOne and one half years after the divorce, Lilly was forced to become apart ofthe working class single moms of the world, Lilly got a job as a first gradeteacher. This was an adjustmentfor the children, because they had depended on their mom for everything. Because Lilly was not able to be there for the children, Ron was forced to bemore responsible for the care of the children. Ron shared in the daily droppingoff and picking up the children. This also gave the children, the opportunity tospend extra time with their father, something that was missing in their life. Lilly and Ron began to work together with raising the children and the entirefamily started to receive counseling. The children began to accept the twohouseholds as well as their parents significant others. Lilly and Ron havelearned to work together in rasing their family although it is not always easy. The breakdown of a family affects the entire family in many ways that is notnoticed, but develops over a period of time. Children many times go through lifebelieving that there was something they did to cause the break up of theirparents, and always hope that their parents will get back together. Ronschildren felt neglected by him, unloved as well as feeling guilty about thereparents breakup. Because Lillys was not given an opportunity to work on theirproblems and improve communication, her self-esteem went completely down. Ronfelt bad, but was feeling very relieved that he made the decision to leave. Divorce can be liberating, depressing, frustrating, or traumatic to any personwho experiences it. Perhaps the most painful part on the process of divorce iswhen the children are involved and when they are made to choose sides. Ron andLilly minimized the trauma in their childrens lifes, by agreeing on where thechildren would live. Although the children experienced changes and went throughperiods of fear of not knowing what was going to happen. Today the childrenappear to be functioning very well and are doing well in school. If parentscant be caring, loving and respectful of each other, then they shouldnt staytogether. Children learn from their parents, how relationships should be conducted andwill handle their relationships as they see their parents. Since Ron and Lillysdivorce, their communication is better now then it was when they were married. The children witness their parents genuine concern for each another and mostimportantly for them. Ron, Lilly and the children appear to have taken the stepsfor survival during the process of the divorce, but as issues arise it isimportant that they are dealt with. It is important to think of the children when divorce takes place. Financesshould be resolved and if a parent should have to experience the lack offinances, it should not be the parent that has the children. If a childseconomic needs are being met, this may minimize the stress they experience whenone parent is absent. The important thing is not to change the childsstability, and lack of finances will cause an immediate change. Parents whethermarried or divorce, have a responsibility to secure a childs future, byproviding them with the emotional and economic support that is needed for themto become productive individuals of society. Children that come from divorceparents can be just as well rounded as children that come from married parents. This family appears to have adjusted to the change that was brought on by thedivorce. As long as the parents continue to work together, and do what is inthe best interest of the children, they will continue to survive. The girls arenow teenagers and their father has a close relationship with them. Contact withtheir father is very important at this age, because girls have a tendency toseek negative attention from boys. This is usually because they are trying tofill the emptiness from the lack of relationship with their father. I dont seethis happening, at least not for their fathers lack of attention. If there arelong term problems that do not surface now, and if it surfaces, it will do sowhen the children become adults. Hopefully, because of the manner in which theparents have handle the last five years, the children will be equipped to dealwith the problems through counseling. .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .postImageUrl , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:hover , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:visited , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:active { border:0!important; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:active , .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734 .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf36d03a1039e99964f21bef89b08734:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Double standard EssayMiscellaneous